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Chetkowski RJ, Kiltz RJ and Salyer WR 1997 ; In premature luteinization, progesterone induces secretory transformation of the endometrium without impairment of embryo viability. Fertil Steril 68, 292297. Clark L, Stanger J and Brinsmead M 1991 ; Prolonged follicle stimulation decreases pregnancy rates after in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 55, 1192 1194. Develioglu OH, Hsiu JG, Nikas G, Toner JP, Oehninger S and Jones HW Jr 1999 ; Endometrial estrogen and progesterone receptor and pinopode expression in stimulated cycles of oocyte donors. Fertil Steril 71, 1040 1047. Dimitry ES, Oskarsson T, Conaghan J, Margara R and Winston RM 1991 ; Beneficial effects of a 24 delay in human chorionic gonadotrophin.
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Killed with an additional injection of pentobarbital sodium 1 hour after the ICYP injection. The heart was removed from the chest. LV counts of MIBG and ICYP were determined with an auto-well gamma counter ARC 2000, Aroka ; . When radiolabeled ICYP was given intravenously, binding was predominantly to -receptors in the heart.16 In our preliminary study of rats, cardiac accumulation of ICYP injected intravenously increased linearly at doses from 5 to 150 Ci, and the increase was suppressed at a dose of 400 Ci. Administration of propranolol 0.05 mg IV ; just before the ICYP injection decreased cardiac ICYP accumulation by 56%. Cardiac accumulation reached relatively constant levels 3 hours after MIBG injection and 30 minutes after ICYP injection. These observations are consistent with previous studies.16, 17 To assess the sympathetic neuronal function of failing hearts, an 2-agonist, guanabenz, which suppresses neuronal release of NE, and a neuronal uptake-1 blocker, desipramine hydrochloride, were given separately to the rats at 18 weeks. A 3-mg kg dose of guanabenz was administered intraperitoneally 60 minutes before MIBG injection, or a 10 mg kg dose of desipramine was given 30 minutes before MIBG injection. Three hours after MIBG injection, the hearts were removed and cardiac MIBG activities were determined. The MIBG preparation used Daiichi Radioisotope Laboratory ; had a specific activity of 65 Ci mmol and a chemical purity of 98%. The specific activity of the ICYP preparation used Daiichi Radioisotope Laboratory ; was 2200 Ci mmol and the purity 97%. The ICYP counts were determined 60 days later, after the decay of MIBG. The cross-talk from ICYP window to MIBG window was 3%, and therefore, we ignored the cross-talk between 125I and 131I. To normalize for differences in animal weight, tissue accumulations of MIBG and ICYP were expressed in percent kilogram dose per gram of LV wet weight.18.
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After sedation with subcutaneous acepromazine 0.1 mg kg ; , all dogs were anesthetized with IV pentobarbital sodium 20 mg kg ; , the trachea was intubated, and the lungs were mechanically ventilated. Intraoperative monitoring included electrocardiogram ECG ; , pulse oximetry, and noninvasive blood pressure, and anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Dogs received 20 mL kg lactated Ringer's solution IV during the case. Using a sterile technique, a right lateral thoracotomy and pneumonectomy were performed via the fifth intercostal space. The right main pulmonary artery was dissected, isolated, ligated, and divided. Subsequently, both the superior and inferior pulmonary veins were isolated, ligated, and divided. Finally, the right main bronchus was isolated and divided with a standard bronchial stapling device. A 20F chest tube attached to a one-way valve was placed into the chest cavity through a separate stab wound. This catheter allowed drainage of excessive trapped air within the chest as well as monitoring for excessive drainage postoperatively and was removed within 12 h. Bupivacaine 0.25% was administered in the intercostal spaces above and below the incision to total 10 15 mL. A Data Sciences International DSI, Minneapolis, MN ; implantable telemetry monitor was placed under the skin in the right midchest area at the end of surgery for postoperative ECG recordings. The chest was then closed in layers. An epidural catheter was inserted at the conclusion of surgery at the T8 9 level and Duramorph ElkinsSinn, Cherry Hill, NJ ; 0.1 mg kg was administered. In addition, at the conclusion of surgery, a 50 g h fentanyl patch Duragesic; Janssen, Beerse, Belgium and pentostatin.
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Third strategy for targeting Ab has focused on the enzymes that normally degrade Ab and that may decrease with age. Three proteases appear to degrade Ab i n vivo: insulysin insulin-degrading enzyme, or IDE ; , neprilysin, and plasmin. These enzymes have various physiologic substrates such as insulin, glucagons, endorphins, and matrix proteins. Apparently, both IDE and neprilysin can cleave the Ab monomer readily, but only plasmin rapidly degrades Ab o l omers. Based on epidemiologic data showing an increased risk for AD in persons with type II diabetes, it has been proposed that excess insulin may boost Ab levels by monopolizing the IDE that degrades both of these peptides. In addition, overexpression of either IDE or neprilysin prevented plaque formaSCIENCE & MEDICINE and peppermint!
A recent BMJ article exploring the reasons for doctors to consider leaving UK medicine reminded me of a lunchtime conversation in an Edinburgh hospital cafeteria several decades ago. In 1981 my wife, then a senior medical student, and I were on a month-long study leave from our work at McGill University. At lunch one day with various house officers, senior registrars, and junior faculty, the conversation drifted on to the subject of what we would all do "when we grew up." The fellow from China wanted to return home and had come to the UK to see, among other things, "an imperialistic civilisation in decay." Another chap, born closer to Bow Bells, wanted to go to America, and a Scottish registrar intended to move to Australia. I was fascinated by the fact that virtually all of our dozen lunch mates were planning to leave the Sceptred Isle at the end of their studies. Asked where we were "off to, " my wife and I explained that we were planning to go back to Canada and then in a few years emigrate to Israel which is what we did ; . "Oooh, isn't it dangerous there?" one of our companions asked, obviously concerned for our safety--even in those days of sporadic violence. No, we explained, while bombs and war were real concerns in Israel, the likelihood of a particular individual being hurt was actually quite small. One fellow, a taciturn junior house officer who had not yet joined in the fray, turned to me and said, "Actually, I agree with you. Individual or even mass terrorism is not the real danger." "And what is?" we asked, intrigued by the sudden shift in the conversation. "Nuclear war, " he dolefully explained. "As soon as this job is over next month, my wife and I and our two small children are leaving the UK for good. We have made a careful study of the places in the world where a thermonuclear war is least likely to occur and, with the prevailing winds and tides, are most likely to be safe from fallout. This is the spot where humankind may just survive the coming conflagration." All of us around the table were intrigued by his approach and interested in learning where this safe haven was. "A few small islands about 400 km off the coast of South America, " he offered. Asked to be more specific, he told us where he and his family were off to--a lovely and isolated spot not many of us had yet heard of, the Falkland Islands. A Mark Clarfield head of geriatrics, Soroka Hospital, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel markclar bgu.ac.il.
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Recently, two reports have been made on the perinatal outcome of IVF pregnancies obtained with GnRH antagonist. One of these followed 67 pregnant patients after ovarian induction with a ganirelix multiple-dose protocol Olivennes et al., 2001 ; . The miscarriage rate was 9%, and full data on perinatal outcome were obtained from 61 patients. The mean gestational age was 39.4 weeks for singleton pregnancies and 36.6 weeks for multiple pregnancies. A birth weight 2500 g was present in 8.7% of patients, while one baby had a major congenital malformation and seven minor malformations were reported in ve infants. These results were found not to differ from data available on IVF pregnancies. Another study addressed the same objective with the use of cetrorelix multiple- and single-dose protocols ; . Pregnancies resulting from phase II and III trials were followed in order to investigate the safety of GnRH antagonist Ludwig et al., 2001 ; . In total, 227 newborn children were evaluated in terms of outcome of pregnancy, delivery, birth weight; subsequently, at 1 and 2 years of age the children were examined for any developmental disorders. The incidence of major congenital malformation was 3.1%, and minor malformations occurred in 2.6% of the cases. The clinical abortion rate was 16.8% and the ectopic pregnancy rate was 3.4%. The follow-up data on physical development did not show any signicant abnormality. The authors of both studies concluded that the use of GnRH antagonist in ovarian stimulation protocols did not cause any harmful or detrimental effect on the pregnancy course or perinatal outcome of those patients. However, these studies involved too few cases to discuss malformation rates.
Saline 200 nil. Kg. for 15 min. while dogs were subjected to inhalation of 5 per cent oxygen ; md negative pressure breathing 5 dogs ; ' Xonedematous lungs were obtained from 17 dogs that were killed by intravenous injection of pentobarbital sodium 120 mg. Kg. ; . Edema fluid was collected from a trneheal eannula and blood samples were obtained from a catheter in the femoral artery. In some dogs, the chest was opened under artificial respiration to allow the excision of the peripheral segment of a lobe which was first clamped by 2 hemostats and ligated to prevent the leakage of blood and fluid. After death from edema, both lungs were ligated at the hilum and the entire lungs including the trapped fluid and blood were weighed and subsequently analyzed for: 1 ; wet weight of aliquot portion about 5 Gm. ; after the whole lung was minced in a Waring blendor for 10 min.; 2 ; dry weight of the same aliquot portion after 24 hours in 150 C. oven; 3 ; hemoglobin content of another aliquot portion by a method described previously ; 4 ; soluble and nonsoluble protein by method described by Hemingway; 6 and 5 ; oxygen uptake of lung slices by the usual manometric technic of Warburg and with the details specified by Barron, Miller and Bartlett.7 Samples of femoral arterial blood were analyzed in duplicate for plasma protein, 0 hemoglobin8 and moisture content. The 2 latter determinations were used to calculate the content of blood in the lungs, the details of which have been described previously.3 Kjeldahl determination of protein nitrogen was performed on edema fluid and pergolide.
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By Gailya McElroy Gratz v. Bollinger Plaintiffs filed this class action suit in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan alleging the University of Michigan's College of Literature, Science and Arts' LSA ; use of racial preferences in undergraduate admissions violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and 42 U.S.C. 1981. They sought compensatory and punitive damages for past violations; declaratory relief alledging that the University violated their civil rights to nondiscriminatory treatment; injunctive relief prohibiting the University from continuing to discriminate on the basis of race, and an order requiring the University to offer admission to a white student intending to transfer to LSA. While interlocutory appeals were pending in the Sixth Circuit for this case and in the case of, Grutter v. Bollinger, the Supreme Court granted certiorari for both cases. In a 6-3 decision, the Court held that the admission policies involving freshman and transferring student violate the Equal Protection Clause because the University's currently policy, unlike the admissions practices in Grutter v. Bollinger, automaticallydistributes 20 points or, one-fifth of the points needed to guarantee admission ; to every single "underrepresented minority" applicant solely because of race, and it is not narrowly tailored to achieve educational diversity, as required by, Bakke. : supremecourtus.gov opinions 02slipopinion Grutter v. Bollinger Plaintiff filed this class action suit in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan alleging the University of Michigan's Law School discriminated against her on the basis of race and violated the Fourteenth Amendment, Title VI of the Civil Rights Acts of 1964, and 42 U.S.C. 1981. She further alleged that without a compelling reason, the Law School uses race as a "predominant" factor which resulted in certain minorities having a significantly higher chance of admission above disfavored racial groups. In a 5-4 decision, the Supreme Court held that the Law School's narrowly tailored use of race in admissions decisions to further a compelling interest in obtaining the educational benefits that flow from a diverse student body is not prohibited by the Equal Protection Clause, Title VI, or 1981. The Court agrees that student body diversity is a compelling state interest and can be justified in the Law School's admissions policies, and that the Law School exemplifies a narrowly tailored plan in that the program automatically ensures that all factors that contribute to diversity are meaninglyfully considered alongside race. The Court rejected the argument that a race-neutral policy was the appropriate means to obtain student body diversity but did suggest that 25 years from now, the use of race neutral preferences will no longer be necessary to achieve such diversity. : supremecourtus.gov opinions 02slipopinion Castaneda v. Regents of the University of California-Berkeley Plaintiffs alleged that the University's admission procedures unfairly disadvantaged applicants of color, particularly African-American, Latino, and Philippine-Americans. Plaintiffs stated that the University violated their federal rights by not taking into account the full range of indicators of "merit" and instead heavily relying on standardized tests such at the SAT and students who had access to special honors courses. Plaintiffs claimed African-American, PhilippineAmericans, and Latinos were much less likely to have access to advanced placement courses. On June 9, 2003 a federal judge in San Francisco approved a consent decree which requires the Regents to take steps to ensure compliance with civil rights laws. Commentators stated that the Regent's 1995 decision to end affirmative action and the policies they instituted threatened to resegregate the UC system. The new admissions policy will put less emphasis on test courses and more emphasis on the entire applicant file including personal statements and extracurricular activity. : naacpldf whatsnew doc berkley Gonzalez v Abercrombie & Fitch Co. Plaintiffs filed this class action for injunctive and declaratory relief and damages alleging Abercrombie & Fitch Abercrombie ; discriminates against African-American, Latino and Asian American applicants and employees violating 42 U.S.C. 1981 and the California Fair Employment and Housing Act. The suit was filed June 17, 2003 in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, San Francisco Oakland Division. Plaintiffs claim that Abercrombie refuses to hire qualified minorities to work as salespersons, discourages minorities from applying for employment, and places minorities in undesirable positions away from the buying public when they are hired Plaintiffs charge that the company's classic "white" look is used to further discriminate against minority applicants. : naacpldf whatsnew pr 2003 abercrombie Continued on p. 10 and perphenazine.
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Tissue preparation. After 14 days of treatment, the animals were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium 60 mg kg ; . The tail artery was cannulated PE-10 ; for measurement of mean blood pressure, and heparin [0.1 ml 100 g 1, 000 units ml ; ] was injected intra-arterially. To confirm ANG II blockade, 25 ng kg ANG II Sigma ; dissolved in 0.9% saline were slowly injected through a jugular cannula PE-10 ; and the change in pressure was recorded. Before euthanasia, the right cremaster muscle was dissected and excess fascia removed. Two circular sections, 0.9 mm in diameter, were removed and placed in 0.25% buffered Formalin and stored at 4C for future staining with Griffonia simplicifolia I lectin Sigma ; . The chest was opened, and the inferior vena cava was cut to allow free flow of venous return. The animal was then perfused through the aorta from a catheter inserted in the apex of the left ventricle with a vasodilator solution of 10 4 sodium nitroprusside, 10 4 M papaverine, and 10 4 M verapamil in 0.9% saline until cleared of blood. The animal was then perfused at 60 mmHg with 10% buffered Formalin for 510 min. The thoracic aorta, carotid artery, small mesenteric artery, and the distal portion of the external spermatic artery the feeding arteriole to the cremaster muscle ; were dissected free from the surrounding tissues and were immersion-fixed in 10% buffered Formalin, processed through graded alcohol solutions, and embedded in paraffin. Morphological analysis. Sections 4 m ; of the paraffinembedded tissues were stained with toluidine blue to visualize the intima-media of the blood vessel. A video-based image system with edge-tracking software JAVA, Jandel Scientific, San Rafael, CA ; was used to measure internal and external circumferences from which internal diameter and intimalmedial area were calculated. Stereological measurements. The procedures for microvascular density measurements were adapted from HansenSmith et al. 14 ; . Two circular sections, 0.9 mm in diameter, were removed from the right cremaster muscle, and excess fascia was removed. Sections were rinsed in saline and immersion-fixed in 0.25% Formalin for 17 days at 4C. The basement membranes of microvessels were then stained by immersing the tissue in 10 g rhodamine-labeled Griffonia simplicifolia I lectin Sigma ; for 3 h and immediately rinsing with saline. This was followed by 10- and 30-min saline rinses. Tissues were blotted dry and mounted on slides utilizing S P AccuMount 280 Mounting Medium VWR Scientific, Bridgeport, NJ ; . With the use of an Olympus BH-2 series microscope and a rhodamine filter, stereological measurements were performed using a 10 eyepiece grid to count the capillary intersections at 300 magnification. Each grid square was 55 m wide with respect to the microcirculation. Two slides of each muscle were studied, and three fields from each slide were randomly selected and counted. The results of the six fields were averaged to give a single microvascular density value for each muscle. Immunohistochemistry for BrdU. Incorporation of BrdU in the nuclei, a marker for DNA replication during the infusion period, was visualized using a previously published protocol 34 ; . Sections from paraffin-embedded tissues were deparaffinized, rehydrated, blocked for endogenous peroxidases, treated with 2 N HCl for 30 min to denature DNA, enzymatically pretreated with trypsin, and then incubated with 5% normal goat serum. The sections were incubated with mouse monoclonal anti-BrdU diluted 1: 400 ; , and negative controls incubated with 5% normal goat serum were processed in parallel. All slides were incubated with biotinylated secondary antibody IgG diluted 1: 500 ; , stained with a Vectastain Elite avidin-biotin complex ABC ; kit, and incubated with and phenazopyridine.
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February 28, 2002 edited for typographical errors, march 1, 2002 food and drug administration center for veterinary medicine report on the risk from pentobarbital in dog food the low levels of exposure to sodium pentobarbital pentobarbital ; that dogs might receive through food is unlikely to cause them any adverse health effects, food and drug administration scientists concluded after conducting a risk assessment.
As normal.2 4 The study represents the first direct empirical evidence in support of a new IHD paradigm based on the conjecture that stored iron promotes and iron depletion protects against IHD.2-4 The paradigm may give a unifying explanation for a broad range of observations, including most prominently the sex difference in IHD risk. The study also gives new meaning to the emerging body of experimental work on the role of iron in ischemic myocardial injury.5-9 One of the major strengths of the iron paradigm of IHD is that it suggests a common mechanism for promotion of both atherogenesis and postischemic myocardial injury. Iron depletion appears to enhance antioxidant defenses in vivo.10- '4This effect may protect against IHD by inhibiting the oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein LDL ; in vivo16 as well as by directly decreasing postischemic myocardial injury and perhaps arrhythmias.5-9 Mechanisms of myocardial injury are not addressed by the theory that IHD is a function of the plasma cholesterol concentration. One of the original arguments in favor of serum ferritin and stored iron as risk factors for IHD2 was the apparent cardioselective toxicity of iron in massive iron overload. Orthodox thinking does not recognize a relation between the pathophysiology of IHD and the cardiomyopathy of hemochromatosis and transfusional iron overload. However, the research on deferoxamine and ischemic myocardial injury5-9 raises the possibility of an important link between the two. In the aftermath of an ischemic event, pump failure and arrhythmias occur. Pump failure and arrhythmias are also features of iron-overload cardiomyopathy. The deferoxamine experiments suggest that subjects with normal iron status have enough iron present to compromise pump function and cause rhythm disturbances after an ischemic event.5-9 In iron overload cardiomyopathy, the heart may be in a chronic postischemia-like state. At the very high levels of stored iron observed in hemochromatosis, the effect may be a full-blown iron-overload cardiomyopathy. At the much lower levels seen in men and women without the hemochromatosis gene, the effect may be limited to an increased propensity to myocardial infarction. The Finnish findings15 support this proposed link between IHD and iron cardiomyopathy. The study by Salonen et al15 may hold the key to understanding the limited ability of primary prevention trials'7 to reduce coronary mortality. None of the singleor multiple-risk factor interventions attempted to date have a significant effect on stored iron levels. The one possible exception is cholestyramine.1819 Inhibition of iron absorption by cholestyramine1819 could have de and phenelzine.
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