Echinacea cold remedy

O.Vandenberg1, A diste1, H.Souayah2, P. Retore1, G.Zissis1, T.Vangool3. 1 Department of Microbiology, Saint-Pierre University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium; 2 Department of Paediatrics, Saint-Pierre University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium; 3Department of Parasitology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands Objectives: To compare the prevalence and clinical features of Dientamoeba fragilis DF ; isolated from human stool specimens with those of Giardia lamblia GL ; . Methods: From January 2002 to December 2003, all stool samples from patients suspected to have parasitological diarrhoea were examined according to our Triple-Faeces-Test TFT ; protocol.The TFT elaborated in Netherlands by van Gool combines the collection of 3 samples on 3 consecutive days, the use of sodium acetate acetic acid formalin SAF ; preservative and permanent staining with Chlorazol black.The medical records of all patients with enteric DF infection were reviewed retrospectively and a case-control study 1: 3 ; was performed to compare the severity of clinical disease and associated risk factors for infection with DF and GL. Results: Over a total of 1207 stool specimens examined coming from 478 patients, 37% were found positive for potentially pathogenic parasites after examination of the complete TFT test. DF and GL were detected in 5.9% and 6.8% of cases respectively. Records were available for 27 patients with DF infection: mean age and gender distribution were 5.7 years range 4-60 year ; and M: F 1: 0, respectively. The most frequent symptoms associated with DF infection were found to be abdominal pain 67% ; and diarrhoea 63% ; . The case-control study showed that DF displayed the same clinical presentation as GL in Belgian paediatric patients. However our study showed that diarrhoea and weight loss were less common in DF than in GL infection. Conclusion: These results suggest that DF is as prevalent as GL and may be a potential enteropathogen. Further investigation to assess their prevalence and their role in enteric disease in both developing and industrialized countries is needed.
Ened the entire country music industry with destruction, or so it seemed to insiders. This is, coincidentally, the "golden era" for most modern country artists also--the era of Hank Williams, Ernest Tubb, Webb Pierce, Lefty Frizzell, Hank Snow. It's the bluegrass of this era that most fans today who either call themselves "traditionalists" or are labeled that way identify with. It's the time when the style was coalescing. At the beginning of this decade, there was only Monroe and the Bluegrass Boys. By the end, there's Flatt and Scruggs, the Stanley Brothers, Reno and Smiley, Mac Wiseman, Hylo Brown, Red Allen, the Osborne Brothers, Jimmy Martin, Jim and Jesse and a host of others. In the world at large, there was tremendous dislocation as a result of the war; in the nation at large, there was tremendous relative prosperity and singular insularity. This is the time of the Communist witch-hunts, the beginning of the Cold War and the beginning of a continuous growth-based economy in the U.S.A. Such massive changes helped spawn a new romantic yearning for comfortable antiquity, which embraced bluegrass. It was upscale string band music and one of the most appropriate escapist fads of the day. This all started to change in the late 1950s and throughout the 1960s, which was a time of tremendous change in the country at large, as we all know. The birth of rock and roll was one facet of this change; eventually, folk and rock would have tremendous impact on bluegrass music. The music changed in part also because there were now urbanites playing bluegrass in large numbers for the first time. These folks had different backgrounds, and they brought new sensibilities to the music--and in fact they changed it so much that they named it. The music itself seemed to sound different, incorporating new songs based on new topics, as well as new chord changes and new melodic lines borrowed in part from the spirit of rock, folk, jazz and R&B. The Country Gentlemen, Cliff Waldron and the New Shades of Grass and after them the Seldom Scene symbolized such borrowings. Later, Newgrass Revival and David Grisman put all these things into their music, which retained a link to traditional bluegrass and is in fact venerated by many current professional bluegrass players. But all were controversial at the time to "traditionalists." Bluegrass musicians born after 1945 were influenced by a number of musical currents not available to their parents' generation, including rock and roll, the Nashville Sound, and the folk revival. Today, the generation born after 1980 has a whole new set of influences, including rap, jam band music, alternative rock, Americana and modern jazz and world music. Dave Freeman recently commented that it comes naturally to today's musicians to play "contemporary"-sounding bluegrass, unlike those that seemed to be experimenting with it in the 1960s and 1970s, and thus it sounds fresh and less forced to his ears. Of course it comes even more naturally to them. Expecting this group to play only traditional-style bluegrass is like expecting Ralph Stanley and Bill Monroe to play turn-of-the-century parlor music. We would never dream of anyone expecting Bill Monroe to only play Italian melodies on his mandolin; we expect him to be true to his influences-- his Uncle Pen, blues, Arnold Schultz's music, country music string bands of the 1920s. To expect Tim O'Brien, Tony Rice or Alison Krauss--not to mention Sam Bush or Nickel Creek--to have those same influences is a bit unrealistic, to say the least. Some may complain about the new bluegrass songs, that they're not traditional enough, or they have too many chords, or they don't sound like bluegrass. My opinion? I love traditional bluegrass. I love modern bluegrass. Let's give `em all room. It's music, and its tied to culture, which changes so quickly it's practically organic. We all know what happens when you don't leave room for a tree to grow.

Lots of E. angustifolia E-ang 3, E-ang 4, E-ang 5 ; and four lots of E pallida E-pal 1, E-pal 2, E-pal 4, E-pal 5 ; . Across the seed lots treated with water, germination on average in darkness was reduced by 25% for E. angustifolia and 32% for E. pallida compared to that in light. In the ethephon treatments, overall reduction of germination in darkness compared to that in light was 3% for E. angustifolia and 7% for E. pallida. Cold stratification relative to the treatment of water with darkness promoted seed germination of one lot of E. angustifolia E-ang 5 ; and E. pallida E-pal 2 ; , respectively. No treatment effects were measured for E. purpurea. Our results that ethephon enhanced seed germination in two of the five E. angustifolia seed lots, three of the five E. pallida seed lots in light, and four of five in E. pallida and five of five in E. augustifolia in darkness provide further support that ethephon is effective in breaking seed dormancy of these two species Feghahati and Reese, 1994; Sari et al. 2001 ; . Ethephon also shortened germination time. In light with ethephon, 90% of the final germination of E. angustifolia and E. pallida seeds occurred in 4 d. took 8 to 12 reach similar percentages without ethephon. For all three species treated with ethephon in darkness, 90% of the final germination occurred when the first count was made day 6 ; , and 80% in the treatment without ethephon. This indicates that short exposure 1 min ; to light during germination evaluation had little if any effect on final germination. Our recent experiments using E. angustifolia seeds harvested in 2002 showed that short time exposure to light had no effects on germination in 8 to duration darkness tests Qu, unpublished data ; . Promotive effects of light on seed germination of some species have long been noticed Evenari, 1965; Bradbee, 1988 ; . The promotive light effect on Echinacea seed germination Table 2 ; was consistent with previous findings. Synergistic effects of light and chilling Baskin et al., 1992 ; , light and ethephon Sari et al., 2001 ; , and light, ethephon, and chilling Feghahati and Reese, 1994 ; were reported.

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